April 01, 2008Book Review: "Comfortably Numb"Many of you know that Charles Barber has a book, Comfortably Numb, that's recently come out and I wanted to offer my thoughts on it. I've held off doing so until now since a lot of readers were tied up with various spring breaks and such. Barber's is an important book and deserves to get the same kind of attention Listening to Prozac got in 1993. What Barber has done is no less than introduce America to psychotherapy--or would that be re-introduce?--and show it works as powerfully in treating depression as do anti-depressants. The book begins with several chapters detailing where we have been in this country with treating depression over the last 20 years and how anti-depressants have literally crept into so many corners of American life, often in places where they were not needed or where their use was essentially created by pharmaceutical companies. Barber writes from the perspective of a frustrated caregiver--he's worked with the homeless and low-income mentally ill for years and is now an instructor in the psychiatry department at Yale--but his account of America's embrace of psychopharmacology isn't as bitter as you might expect (or maybe it's not as bitter as mine would be) and is all pretty much setting the table for the book's second half. The book is at its most engaging when it takes on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as Motivational Interviewing and the Stages of Change psychosocial model. The latter two may not be familiar to most, but at this point CBT is becoming more widely known in America and is a well-researched effective treatment for depression (very severe depression would be an exception) that is sadly not used much in America. I'm sure most people can guess at the reasons why. What amuses me is that some reviewers have written off Barber's work on grounds that the psychotherapies he discusses in the book are unresearched and wooly-minded. I think these writers likely need to check their facts a bit more carefully before penning their reviews. In the case of Peter Kramer, author of Listening to Prozac, who chopped up Barber's work on slate.com a few weeks ago, I think he was just arrogantly responding to a book that had taken a few shots--well-aimed ones--at his own book. Why slate.com let him review the book is beyond me (he sure didn't mention in the review that Barber had knifed him up). Why Judith Warner wrote about Barber's book without having read past the introduction is an even scarier concept. Sorry, folks, but the evidence on CBT as a treatment for depression is quite well hammered out at this point. It's likely a better first line treatment for depression (as opposed to what Barber calls Depression, as in severe clinical depression, where meds as a frontline defense are better suited) than are anti-depressants, but it does require the kind of work and mental self-discipline that most Americans will say they are too busy to do (I'd say they are too lazy). Anyhow, Barber also deftly handles issues in neuroscience and shows how psychotherapy can actually change people's brains and cognitive systems in much the same way we've long been told that Prozac and its cousins do (even when they don't). I won't belabor the neuroscience part of his book or CBT any further. They speak for themselves. Regardless of what Kramer and Warner believe. Let me address something else: I've heard from a few readers that they are disappointed that Barber doesn't tackle bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and that he is too "pro meds" for these conditions. The reality is that Barber's perspective is shaped by his years as a social worker in some very intense homeless shelters and low income housing facilities in New York City and Connecticut. Having reported on and worked in some of the same sorts of facilities out this way, I understand where he's coming from. There's a large chunk of one of the book's later chapters devoted to a man diagnosed with schizophrenia who goes from freaking on the streets and smoking crack to taking Haldol and getting a whole bunch of "environmental enrichment," for lack of a better term, and then suddenly he gets stable enough for housing and then he winds up as foreman of a jury. It's a truly remarkable story and, yes, antipsychotics were a big part of this man's success. So was not smoking crack. If anyone has trouble wrapping their minds around the fact that the folks who show up at homeless shelters with mental disorders are so ill that antipsychotics are the only way to reach them effectively, then they are kidding themselves. I've seen this myself. Barber is quite clear when he writes about schizophrenia that 10 percent to 20 percent of all people diagnosed with schizophrenia are simply not helped at all by psych meds. He's honest about that (and most people who broach the subject of schizophrenia in print are not honest about that point), but this isn't really a book about schizophrenia. It's not a book about bipolar disorder. It's about depression. And, in my mind, it's probably the best single book I've ever read about depression. So there you have it. This is an excellent, readable book that people should consider buying. Here's the Amazon.com link. Barber's own website is here. Posted by Philip Dawdy at April 1, 2008 12:03 AM
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Loved it and gave recommendations to several people. Posted by: catherine at April 1, 2008 12:52 AMDoes anyone mention CBT and the success rate of VOLUNTARY and INVOLUNTARY participants? Mental illness is not a character fault, then people talk about CBT like it isn't learning to think and act differently. Philip Dawdy "My larger point here, just to be clear, is that getting clean of drugs requires will power and desire. Just tossing someone into treatment doesn't provide that." Great review! I took a lot of undergrad psychology classes and always had weird feelings about its advocacy of pharmaceuticals and drugs. Barber's book looks like it is going in right direction - thanks. Posted by: science book reader at April 1, 2008 04:57 AMI am in the final pages myself and agree with your review. I think it's a great book. I did hear some fellow psych survivor types trashing parts of it where he tries to make distinctions between depression with a little "d" and big "D" and "true" bipolar disorder as opposed to what? -- "false" I presume -- and pushing meds for these more serious examples but I wonder if they even read the whole book because by the end he is saying the alternatives (psychotherapy) work even for the most serious cases of mental disturbance and that in fact meds often don't. And yes, I am sure there are examples of where meds have to be used albeit I would hope not indefinitely. The most original part of the book and what distinguishes it I would say from the plethora of books out there right now trashing big pharma, the FDA and psychiatry is the treatment of psychotherapy and even neuroscience. He really explains it all clearly and presents history and evidence to support his points. Well worth reading. Posted by: Sara at April 1, 2008 08:10 AMP.S. If Warner read even the introduction before writing on the book I'd be surprised. What she read and absorbed lock, stock and barrel was her Brown buddy Peter Kramer's review. I'm sure she chatted with Kramer too and that was enough for her. Posted by: Sara at April 1, 2008 08:17 AMGlad to get a more balanced review of this book, I've been wondering about it. What's not pointed out is that the largest efficacy study of therapies ever conducted (Consumer Reports) found no difference in effectiveness between different therapies. This has been borne out by research again and again. If anything makes a difference it is the patient and the clinician, not the therapy. Posted by: Kalea Chapman at April 1, 2008 09:12 AMThanks for this. I read Kramer's stupid, hateful review of the book at Slate. I'll read the book. It sounds important. As for Kramer, I guess I need to reread Listening to Prozac. I'll buy Comfortably Numb, but as for Kramer's book, I'll check it out from the library. I'm not giving Kramer any money. LtP was an important part of my decision to get off of ssri's and yet these days Kramer's a real shill for the biomedical model. Still be careful not to confuse psychosis induced by extended crack use and homelessness with schizophrenia; it's like confusing an alcohol addcition with Bipolar Disorder. Posted by: Sally at April 1, 2008 11:23 AMWow. I just read Kramer's "review". It reads more like an argument than a book review. Then, in the penultimate paragraph, he seems to agree with Barber in a "throw the dog a bone" sort of way. Very odd review. Now I'm going back to finish your posting. Just had to comment on Kramer's rant. I've worked with people who don't have homes too and I don't see them as different to anyone else with a psychiatric label in terms of degree of illness. Being homeless is a huge stressor for anyone, doesn't mean a person is more "sick" than someone else, just under much more stress and with lots less resources. And really crack addiction is not schizophrenia and it's impossible to figure out if someone has a mental illness while they are actively using. I'm also not a CBT fan, if it works for folks, great, but it doesn't work for lots of folks with depression and other problems and we should have choices about what kind of therapy we get. Unfortunately because CBT is shorter and cheaper and easier, that's all a lot of folks can get these days. It is all about the relationship in psychotherapy, not some cookbook. Posted by: Alison Hymes at April 1, 2008 07:58 PMno disrespect alison, but where did i say smoking crack was the same thing as schizophrenia? as for the level of acuity you see amongst the homeless mentally ill, i can assure you that the cases tend be far more severe. not at every homeless shelter of course, but the one i worked at doesn't filter out the severe cases as do a lot of shelters. as for the cbt is a cookbook business, i think you'll find that barber handles that pretty well in his book. it's a good point of course that not all therapists are created equally. and of course therapy doesn't work for everyone. but i don't think i said that. Posted by: Philip Dawdy at April 1, 2008 08:27 PMWhen you said the guy with a crack addiction got better on Haldol, what I said, perhaps unclearly, is it's difficult to know if someone who is actively using crack actually does have a psychotic disorder or just a drug induced psychosis. Have you worked with people with schizophrenia labels who are not in homeless shelters also Philip? Because I have and that's where my comparison that there is no significant difference in severity comes from. I was an outpatient therapist/case manager for years in a community mental health center. Posted by: Alison Hymes at April 1, 2008 11:57 PMI have no doubt that CBT does not work for everyone and that not all CBT therapists are equally good. As a person with MDD who has recently started CBT work, I have to say it seems better to/for me than traditional talk therapy. I've had depression long enough and have enough self-awareness to know the root cause of a lot of my negative self-talk and how my thoughts and actions feed into the depression. I can also see on my own how addressing weaknesses in physical and social health will help with the depression, but I need to have someone help me make goals to change my behavior and have someone to be accountable to other than myself. Is CBT a cure-all? Of course not, but it is more proactive and positive than therapy that involves sitting around talking about being depressed all the time. I can wallow on my own; doing something about it is what requires help. Posted by: anne at April 2, 2008 07:57 AMI'm halfway through the book, just through the CBT chapter. Overall I agree with your review, but I do have a frustration with his constant reminders that you'll still need meds if you have "severe" mental illness, like bipolar/SZ/major "D"epression. I have the same frustration with several of the books of this ilk. Glenmullen comes to mind. With so many people diagnosed as bipolar after a bad SSRI reaction, and the heavy marketing of the bipolar label, I worry folks who could benefit from his approaches won't realize he's talking to them, too. I had read several such books before it dawned on me that even though my label was "bipolar," I could make the same kind of progress with similar tools, and what do you know, I didn't need the meds either. Posted by: undiagnosed at April 2, 2008 08:05 AMPost a comment
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